• SECTION I: STYLE
• SECTION II: SUBSTANCE
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Not every study requires appendixes. Appendixes provide the reader
with extra material such as sample brochure, press releases, survey questionnaire,
statistical copulations, promotional material, etc.
Appendixes immediately follow the reference list. They are designated
as Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, etc. Each appendix begins
on a new page, is homogeneous in context and is headed with a letter and
a short descriptive title. The pages of the appendixes are numbered as
a consecutive part of the pagination of the study. The letter designation
of each appendix, full title and page number is listed in the Table of
Contents.
This manual includes the following appendixes:
Appendix A: Sample Title Page
Appendix B: Examples of Citing Sources within the Text
Appendix C: Reference List
Appendix D: Organizing Your Thoughts
Indirect Quotes and Paraphrasing
The candidate may substitute a direct quote with a rephrasing of another
author's main idea. Paraphrasing is often preferable to long direct quotes
simply because the main idea may be presented clearly and quickly. Direct
quotes are usually shorter in length and are reserved for reinforcing a
main idea or sharing the force of an author's argument.
Examples of indirect quotes
Berelson (1989) illustrated the need to reduce communicator anxiety
in young adults.
Communicator anxiety can be particularly acute for young adults (Berelson,
1989).
"Communicator anxiety" deals with a person's fear of social interaction
(Berelson, 1989, p. 39).
Personal/Professional Interviews
Personal and professional interviews are reliable sources of information
so long as the candidate conducts them in a scholarly fashion. Ideas
and quotes taken from the interview are cited in the text the same as written
sources. The interview is listed in the reference:
Doe, John, Executive Vice President, Creative Images, Inc., Personal
interview, Washington, D.C., July 18, 1990.
Appendix C: Sample
Reference List
Only those sources cited in the text are listed in the bibliography
or reference list. All works -- books, reports, articles, video, interviews,
etc. -- are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. Works
not cited in the text are not included. All written (e.g., books,
articles, reports), visual (e.g., posters, graphic designs), audio (e.g.,
personal interviews, musical recordings) and audio-visual (e.g., television
programs or commercial, films, etc.) materials must be included in the
reference list. Because the reader may not know whether a source comes
from a written or audio-visual source, it is best to prepare one consolidated
list of all the materials.
The following are guidelines based on recommendations from the style
manual of the American Psychological Association.
Punctuation
1. Use periods to separate the three major subdivisions of a reference entry: author, title, facts of publication.
Example:
Author, J.P. Title of work. Facts of publication.
2. Commas separate information within subdivision.
Example: Journal
of Communication, 1989, 38, 399-411.
3. For books, a colon separates the place of publication from the publisher.
Example: New York:
Random House, 1989.
4. Use parentheses for extensions, qualifications, or interpretations
of each subdivision or the entire entry.
Example: Style
manual (2nd ed.)
Samples of Reference Entries
Underline or put in italics all publications such as book titles, names
of journals. Below are samples of reference entries. Note that the first
line of each entry is indented 5 spaces while the second line begins flush
with the left margin.
Book sample:
Patton, B. and Giffin, K. Interpersonal communication: Basic
text (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
Edited book
Kim, Y.Y. and Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.). Intercultural communication
research methods. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987.
Chapter or article from a book
Barna, L. M. The stress factor in intercultural relations. In D. Landis
and R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (vol.
2, pp. 19-49). New York: Pergamon, 1983.
Article from a scholarly or professional journal
Baxter, L. and Wilmot, W. Secret tests: Social strategies for acquiring
information about the state of the relationship. Human Communication
Research, 1984, 11, 171-202.
Article from newspaper*
Waltz, L. Communication is more than talk. San Luis Obispo County
(Calif.) Telegram-Tribune,
January 20, 1983, p. B-4.
(*if citing major publication -- e.g., TIME, Newsweek, New York Times, Los Angeles Times, etc. -- that has a larger reputation than writer, may be more credible to cite the publication than the author.)
New York Times, January 31, 2000, p. A1.
Personal correspondence or interview
Kirby, Y.T., president, Speech Dynamics Marketing Corporation, New
York. Personal letter, October 26, 1982.
Newsletter or association publication
U.S. Chamber of Commerce. How to make your audience look alive (brochure).
Washington, D.C., no publication date.